Leathers that have already lost their durability suffer a great deal of damage when microbes are attacked. First they smell, they emit a rotten egg and toilet scent. Then the skin starts to deteriorate and the skin loses its durability. It is no longer possible to use such leather properly.
Therefore, after the animal is slaughtered and the skins are swimed, it is necessary to protect them well. It is necessary to know and apply the storage procedures well. Most importantly, it is necessary to take some precautions first and then apply the preservation method in order to prevent smelly.
In this regard, the following procedures should be done in order:
1- The excessive meat and fat pieces should not be left on the skins. Oily, fleshy, bony parts, horns, ears, nails in the tail should be cut and thrown away.
2- Care should be taken not to infect with blood. If there are impurities such as blood and fertilizer, they should be cleaned. Best of all, it should wash the cowhide. However, woolly leathery leathers such as sheep and goats are not washed because it is difficult to dry them. Heat occurs between the wool, there is heat, which disrupts the skin.
3- It is not right to salt the skins immediately. It is necessary to wait at least an hour for the water to drain and the skin to cool. But it is not correct to wait more than 6 hours. Because after 6 hours, microbes start to operate.
A raw leather should be stored unbroken intact, and should not be destroyed on the road until it comes to tanneries. Otherwise, it goes cheap, or it can become waste.
Therefore, it is imperative to know the preservation procedures well. It is necessary to know all of them and do whatever is appropriate for our region. The most applied in our country are air dry, salty dry and salty wet (salted brine) preservation methods.
1 - STORAGE BY DRYING PROCEDURE
Also known as air dry protection method.
It is a method of preservation that has been practiced since ancient times. The purpose of this method is to dry the skins directly with air and to remove the moisture in the skin thoroughly and quickly. However, although this job seems simple, it is not easy. In this method, it is essential to be very careful while drying the skins. It is very difficult to dry the skin in the desired way and level. In this respect, it is necessary to pay attention to some issues.
1. Drying should be neither late nor early.
If drying is late, moisture does not move easily from the skin and therefore germs multiply. Browning occurs on the flesh face of the skin, and even skin raw, hesitant hair. Sun burns and bruises occur on leathers that dry quickly under strong sun.
2. All skins must dry equally.
Since the meat side of the leathers dried on the ground is brought up, it dries up, but the remaining fleece remains moist. Therefore, it is necessary to reverse the skins frequently and dry them by hanging. It should be ensured that all sides of the skin get air flow and dry evenly. Because the source used in drying is air. However, air has three effects.
a) Direct sunlight
b) Shade
c) Air flow (air flow)
The most important of these is the air flow. Airflow is much more important than plain heat. Very hot and stagnant air skins can suddenly and overdry.
3. The leather to be dried must be clean.
Cleaning is very important in the drying method. It is imperative that the skins are not contaminated with blood and dirt. There should not be too much meat and fat pieces on them. The skins should be dried in a sunny or sunless, generally dust-free and shaded places, provided that they are clean, so that they will receive air in equal conditions. The best drying is 24 hours drying in a shady place with air flow.
How can we do drying?
a) Ground drying: This consists of spreading the skins on the ground with the flesh side up and drying them in the sun. However, when drying under the sun, it is necessary to prevent wrinkling on the skin.
In this very primitive and simple method, the biggest drawback is that the dampness on the bottom of the fleece does not dry out as the meat side is brought up. In this case, since the lower part is humid and the upper part is hot, cooking occurs instead of drying. Therefore, this method often leads to unsatisfactory skin defects. Figure 62: It takes a lot of attention to lay it in the sun and dry it. Figure 63: Hang-drying
b) Hanging drying: In this method, the leathers are left to dry either horizontally or by hanging on the rope. The skins are hung on the rope or pole, evenly and with the meat faces on top. Care should be taken that the thickness of the rope or the pole is not more than one finger. Because the lower face that comes into contact with the thickness will remain damp before it dries, it will stink in a belt or it will dry out late from the other parties. Figure 64: Stretch drying c) Stretch drying: Ovine skins are usually stretched and dried on wood or frame. The skins laid on the frame or board with the meat faces on top are determined by stretching with pegs and left for drying. However, this procedure is costly.
d) Tent-Shaped Drying: 90 cm in height. It is made by piling two piles and stretching them with a rope. The rope, which is hanged on the rope from the back line and the meat side up, is given the shape of a tent and is fixed with ropes from the skirt to many small piles on the ground.
2 - STORAGE BY SALT AGE
Also known as Salted Brine.
Drying is a difficult and time-consuming task in damp areas. Prolonged drying causes a stinking of the skin. This danger always exists in heavy leathers. Moreover, drying is a very demanding and difficult job, although it may seem easy.
Those who process leather do not hold dry skin. For this reason, it is the best preservation method to protect the leather especially by using salt. In our country, it is a method which is generally applied in the protection of wet leathers. However, since salt is used in this method, the importance of salt should be emphasized first.
What is the effect and duty of salt?
Although salt has a killing effect on microbes, it is used more on moisture in the preservation of leathers. The salt sprinkled on the skin gets wet by taking the water of the skin. Salt water is formed on the skin. This salt water is absorbed by the skin. Salt absorbs the water of the skin and gives it back to the skin as salt water. Thus, he starts to buy leather salt and give out his own water. Here, the salty water given to the skin is always less, but the water taken from the skin is much. Thus, this shopping continues for days and takes the skin salt and gives its water, that is, most of the moisture. This job is completed in 21 days. The water ratio of the skin is reduced by the effect of salt here and the aqueous-wet environment required by microbes is destroyed. In other words, 65% water contained in the skin is reduced to 30%, and the activity of microbes is prevented.
Figure 65: Protecting the leather by salting is the best form of storage.
Salt quality: The quality of salt to
be used in salt storage is important. Salt should not be too thin and too large. Since fine (such as crystalline salt) salts will absorb more water than the skin and dissolve at once, it cannot either flow and enter the skin or form a layer especially in hot hot salted skins. On the other hand, coarse salt, on the contrary, cannot melt and get wet as required, and the skin's water intake is delayed, microbes save time. Moreover, coarse salt causes salt burn on the flesh of the skin.
Salt should be clean. Dirty salt is contaminated with microbes. In this regard, it is essential to use clean salt. Preferably, rock salt should be used.
Application of salty wet (Brine) method:
The skin must first be cleaned of blood and dirt and then salted. This job is easy. In this method, the skins are first laid on a slightly inclined place with a canopy, with the flesh side up. Bloody and dirty water on the skin is expected to drain. Meanwhile, they are allowed to cool. An hour later, we start salting wherever we store the skins. The skins are spread one by one and the meat faces are spread on the ground and dry salt is sprinkled on them.
Normally, a sheep's skin uses half the weight of that skin as salt. In other words, if the skin is 4 kg, 1.5-2 kg of salt is sprinkled. Salt is used in cowhide as much as a third of its weight. In other words, if the skin is 15 kilograms, 4-5 kilograms of salt is used. This work is adjusted by eye decision. The top of the skin should be covered with salt so that the meat is not visible.
The point that we should not forget here is that the skins should not be salted hot. Salt will not be too thin or too large, and most importantly, it is absolutely necessary to salt the skins within 6 hours. However, in very cold weather in winter, if the cattle can be salted after 6 hours, they should pay attention to this. If it is suspected that the animal will die in the plateau, on the grassland, this issue should not be forgotten. It is best to have the shepherd with salt. Sheep skins are not made bundles, they heat the wool, the skin rots, and the wool comes in.
When obliged, cattle skins can be packs. However, the important point to be considered here is the cleaning of the skin. The cowhide should be washed and cleaned of blood and dirt. After waiting 1-2 hours for the water to filter, it should be salted with clean and dry salt. Only the flesh-boned parts of the ears, horns, nails and tails of the cowhide should be cut out. Salt should be sprinkled on top of each skin after the salt is fed to the leathers removed. The top of the stacks should be thoroughly covered with salt. Figure 66: Every skin should be salted abundantly: 3 - SALT DRY STORAGE PROCEDURE
If we want to keep the skins for a very long time, or we cannot dry because it rains that day, then this method should be applied. The work done here is still easy. As described above, skins are salted, just like salted brine. After 4-5 days, the salts are shaken and air dried. In other words, this method consists of shaking and drying the salts of the salted skins. In this method, sheep-goat skins are mostly protected. This method should not be applied for the skins of animals such as rabbits and foxes unless it is necessary.
LEATHER STORAGE
Finally, it is very important to store the dried hides. It damages moths, worms, insects and dried leathers in warehouses. Figure 67: The leathers should be checked from time to time.
Providing compliance with the conditions, it is possible to protect the skins easily and inexpensively for months or even 1-2 years. Because drying will decrease the humidity (if we have done well) on the skin, microbes can not reproduce and damage the skin.
With this method, the skins of Sheep, Goat, Lamb and Capricorn and Rabbit, Fox and similar fur animals are protected. It is not good to apply this in cattle.
Hiç yorum yok:
Yorum Gönder