Indicator pH range Color Change

Indicator pH range Color Change

Indicator Table

Indicator pH range Color Change

Brillant cresol blue (acidic medium) 0.0 - 1.0 orange red- blue

Cresol red (acidic medium) 0.2 - 1.8 red - yellow

Chinaldinrot 1.0 - 2.0 colorless - red

Thymol blue (acidic medium) 1,2 - 2,8 red - yellow

Methacresol purpur 1,2 - 2,8 red - yellow

Tropaeolin 00 1,3 - 3,0 red - yellow

Benzyl orange 1.9 - 3.3 red - yellow

b - Dinitrophenol 2.2 - 4.4 colorless - yellow

a - Dinitrophenol 2.8 - 4.4 colorless - yellow

La Motte Gelb 2.6 - 4.2 red - yellow

Bromphenol blue 2.8 - 4.6 yellow - blue

Methyl yellow 2.9 - 4.0 red - yellow

Congo red 3.0 - 5.0 violet - red

Methyl orange 3.1 - 4.4 red - yellow

Bromphenol grün 3,8 - 5,4 yellow - blue

g - Dinitrophenol 4.0 - 5.6 colorless - yellow

Methyl red 4.2 - 6.3 red - yellow

Indicator pH range Color Change

Chlorphenol rot 4.8 - 6.4 yellow - red

Azolithmin (Lackmus) 5.0 - 8.0 red - blue

Bromkresol purpur 5.2 - 6.8 yellow - purpur

p - nitrophenol 5,6 - 7,6 colorless - yellow

Nitrazingel B 6.0 - 7.0 yellow - blue

Bromtimol blue 6.0 - 7.6 yellow - blue

Neutral tie rod 6.8 - 8.0 red - orange

Phenol rot 6.8 - 8.4 yellow - red

m - nitrophenol 6.8 - 8.4 colorless - yellow

Rosol säure 6.9 - 8.0 yellow - red

Cresol rot (alkaline medium) 7.2 - 8.8 yellow - red

a - naphtholftalein 7.3 - 8.7 yellow - blue

Thymol blue (alkaline medium) 8.0 - 9.6 yellow - blue

Turmeric 8.0 - 10.0 yellow - orange

a - Kresolftalein 8.2 - 9.8 colorless - violet

Fenolftalein 8.8 - 10.0 colorless - red

Phthalein red 8,6 - 10,2 yellow - red

Thymol violett 9.0 - 13.0 yellow green - orange

Thymolftalein 9,3 - 10,5 colorless - blue

La Motte purpur 9.6 - 11.2 purpur - red

Tolyrot 10.0 - 11.6 red - yellow

Alizarin yellow R 10.1 - 12.0 yellow - orange red

Brillant cresol blau (alkaline medium) 10.8 - 12.0 blue - yellow

Nitramine 10.8 - 13.0 colorless - orange

Parazol orange 11,0 - 12,6 yellow - orange

Tropaeolin 000 11.9 - 13.0 yellow - red

Tropaeolin 0 11.1 - 12.7 yellow - orange

La Motte sulphourange 11,2 - 12,6 yellow - red

Titan gelb 12.0 - 13.0 yellow - red

Epsilonblau 12.0 - 13.0 orange - violet

La Motte violett 12.0 - 13.6 violet - blue

Acryl blau 12.0 - 13.6 red - blue

Preparation of Indicators

Alizarin sulfonacid Na salt 0,1 gr. indicator 100 ml. dissolved in distilled water.

Brenzkatechin violett 0,1 gr. indicator 100 ml. dissolved in distilled water.

Chromazurol 5 100 ml. 0,1 - 0,4 gr in distilled water. dissolved

Diphenylamin 100 ml. 1 g of concentrated sulfuric acid in pa. Dissolved.

Dithizon 10 mg. indicator 100 gr. dissolve in carbon tetrachloride.

Eriochromschwarz T 1 gr. indicator 300 gr. Pa NaCl is also crushed and mixed in the mortar and kept closed.

Glyzinthymolblau 1 gr. indicator 100 gr. It is mixed well with KNO3.

Methyl orange 0.1 g. indicator 100 ml. dissolved in distilled water.

Methyl red 0,2 gr. The indicator is dissolved in 90 ml of 90% ethyl alcohol.

Methyl thymol blue 1 g. indicator 100 gr. It is mixed well with KNO3.

Murexid 1 gr. indicator 500 gr. It is thoroughly crushed with pa NaCl and mixed in the mortar and kept closed.

K2CrO4 or Na salt 100 ml. 5 g of distilled water. Dissolved.

PAN 0,1 gr. indicator 100 ml. It is dissolved in methyl alcohol.

Phenolphthalein is 0.1 g per 100 ml of 70% ethyl alcohol. Dissolved.

Sülfosalizyl säure 2 gr. indicator 100 ml. dissolved in distilled water.

Thymol blau 0,1 g per 100 ml of 20% ethyl alcohol. Dissolved.

Thymol phthalexon 100 gr. 1 g of potassium nitrate. Mixed.

Tiron 2 gr. indicator 100 ml. dissolved in distilled water.

Variamin blau B 1 gr. indicator 300 gr. Pa is mixed with NaCl in the mortar and mixed.

Xylenol orange 1 g. indicator 100 gr. It is mixed well with KNO3.

BUMPER SOLUTIONS

Buffer is a solution that does not significantly change the concentration of [H3O +] even though diluting or adding a small amount of strong acid or kalevi to it. Therefore, the buffer solutions must have the ability to hold or release excess H3O + ions, that is, they must consist of two differently functioning components. One of these components will act when H + ions are brought in from the outside, and the other will act when the H + ions are reduced in solution. The first will have the ability to hold H + ions and the other to be able to leave. If a relatively high proportion of both weak acid and weak base is contained in a solution, the buffer will have the property of solution.

The table below shows the preparation of buffer solutions used according to various pH values.

Various pH Buffer Solutions

pH 1.0 1 N HCl

It is a mixture of pH 2 - 4 2 M monochlor acetic acid (1k) and 1 M sodium acetate solution (1k). (2 M monochlor acetic acid 189 gr / lt. + 1 M sodium acetate 82 gr / lt.)

pH 3.0 53 ml. 90.4 ml with concentrated ammonia. 98% formic acid 2000 ml. dissolved in distilled water.

pH 4,0 - 6,5 1 N acetic acid (60 g acetic acid in 1 lt. distilled water) + 1 M sodium acetate (82 g / lt.) mixture.

pH 4,5 150 gr. crystallized sodium acetate + 150 ml. acetic acid 500 ml. dissolved in distilled water.

pH 5,4 400 gr. urotropin + 100 ml. concentrated HCl + 1000 ml. distilled water

pH 5.5 40 ml. acetic acid + 160 ml. pyridine

pH 7.0 20% urotropin solution should be available. If the acidity rises, it should be adjusted with this.

pH 6.5 - 8.0 1 M triethanolamine solution and 1 M HCl are available. It is mixed when necessary. Care should be taken when using triethanol, chela complex with most metals. 1 M triethanolamine (150 gr.) 1000 ml. dissolved in distilled water.

pH 8 - 11 is a mixture of 1 M ammonia and 1 M NH4Cl solution.

pH 10 54 gr. NH4Cl + 350 ml. concentrated ammonia 1000 ml. dissolved in distilled water.

or, 70 gr. NH4Cl + 570 ml. 1000 ml with concentrated ammonia. It is dissolved in water.

pH 11 - 13 1 N NaOH solution is used.